Tertiary Respiratory Center
Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam.
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that causes inflammation in the air sacs (alveoli), leading them to fill with fluid or pus. This condition can be caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The most common bacterial cause is Streptococcus pneumoniae*, but other bacteria and viruses like influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus responsible for COVID-19) can also lead to pneumonia. Symptoms of pneumonia often include cough (which may produce phlegm), fever, chills, shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue. Pneumonia can range in severity from mild to life-threatening, particularly for vulnerable populations such as the elderly, infants, and individuals with compromised immune systems or chronic health conditions.
Treatment for pneumonia depends on the cause and severity of the infection. For bacterial pneumonia, antibiotics are the primary treatment, and the choice of antibiotic is based on the specific bacteria involved and the patient’s overall health. Viral pneumonia typically does not respond to antibiotics and is treated with antiviral medications (if available) and supportive care, such as rest, fluids, and over-the-counter medications to manage fever and pain. In severe cases, especially when pneumonia leads to difficulty breathing, hospitalization may be required to provide oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation. Vaccination is an important preventive measure, with vaccines available for common causes of pneumonia, such as *Streptococcus pneumoniae* and influenza, reducing the risk of infection and its complications. Regular monitoring and follow-up are essential to ensure recovery and to prevent complications such as pleurisy or lung abscesses.
